Irreversible decline in kidney function that lasts more than 3 months is called chronic kidney failure, and advanced stage (Chronic Kidney Disease) CKD that requires dialysis or transplantation to survive is called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).
Uremic Syndrome: Uremia occurs due to the retention of end products of protein metabolism in the body.
Complications of CKD in patients
Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances in chronic kidney failure patients
- Glucose intolerance
- Hyperlipidemia
- Acid-base disorders
- Water and electrolyte disorders
- Calcium, phosphorus disorders and renal osteodystrophy
Cardiovascular problems in ESRD patients
- High blood pressure
- Cardiomyopathy and pericarditis
Neuromuscular problems
Neuromuscular problems in patients with chronic renal failure are most commonly seen in the form of confusion, insomnia, memory loss, hallucinations, delirium, severe depression, hiccups, cramps, and epilepsy. In these patients, peripheral neuropathies are most commonly seen in the lower extremities, and sensory problems usually precede motor problems. Restless legs syndrome can be observed in the early phases of peripheral uremic neuropathy.
Hematological problems
- Anemia
- Uremic bleeding
Digestive system problems
Digestive system problems are seen in the form of anorexia, nausea and morning vomiting. Following the progression of renal failure, patients will experience a bad smell of urea in the mouth, swelling of the oral mucosa and gums, inflammation of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and stomach ulcers. Bleeding from the digestive system is also seen.
Skin problems
Skin problems are seen in the form of uremic itching related to kidney and brain disorders and secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperkalemia, peripheral neuropathy of dry skin, the most important cause of which is inadequate dialysis treatment. Jaundice of the skin is related to the retention of uremic pigments and urea.